The World’s Next EV Superpower? Inside Nepal’s Bold Plan to Go 90% Electric by 2030

Nepal is rapidly emerging as a global leader in electric vehicle (EV) adoption, particularly in new passenger vehicle sales, where electric models now constitute a remarkable 70-76% of imports. This “electric leapfrog” is primarily driven by strategic government policies, including significantly reduced import duties for EVs compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, and the nation’s abundant hydropower resources.

While the overall percentage of EVs in Nepal’s total registered fleet of over 5.5 million vehicles is still relatively small, the rate of transition is exceptionally high. The fiscal year 2024/25 saw over 44,000 EVs imported across various categories, reflecting broad-based adoption. Key enablers include the compelling economic advantage of EVs, offering lower operational costs and reducing reliance on costly fossil fuel imports, alongside substantial environmental benefits through cleaner air. The strategic utilization of domestic hydropower not only powers these vehicles cleanly but also helps balance the national electricity grid. Chinese manufacturers play a dominant role in supplying affordable EVs, which has been crucial for market accessibility.

Despite impressive progress, challenges persist. These include the ongoing need for expanded charging infrastructure, particularly beyond urban centers, managing the initial purchase cost for consumers, developing local technical expertise for maintenance and repair, and accelerating the electrification of public transport, which currently lags behind private vehicle adoption. Recent policy adjustments, such as increased duties on some EV categories and changes to loan-to-value ratios, indicate a dynamic policy environment that seeks to balance promotion with fiscal sustainability. Nepal’s journey offers valuable insights for other developing nations seeking sustainable mobility solutions.

Nepal’s Green Mobility Revolution

Nepal, a Himalayan nation experiencing rapid economic growth and increasing urbanization, confronts significant challenges stemming from air pollution and a heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels. This reliance not only contributes to a substantial trade deficit but also positions the transportation sector as a major contributor to national energy emissions, accounting for 36% of the total. Faced with these dual pressures, Nepal has strategically embraced electric mobility as a critical imperative for both environmental sustainability and enhanced economic independence.

The country’s vehicle landscape has undergone a dramatic transformation over recent decades. From a mere 801 registered vehicles in 1977, the total number of registered vehicles in Nepal reached approximately 5.53 million units by fiscal year 2023/24 and 5,526,192 by mid-March 2024. This rapid motorization underscores the urgent need for a shift towards cleaner transportation alternatives. The market is heavily skewed towards two-wheelers, with motorcycles dominating the landscape; they accounted for 83.7% of new registrations in 2023 and represent 81% of the total fleet. This significant proportion of two-wheelers highlights that true mass electrification will require substantial penetration in these segments, in addition to the growing adoption of four-wheelers.

Current State of Electric Vehicle Penetration

Understanding the current state of EV penetration in Nepal requires differentiating between the proportion of EVs in the total vehicle fleet and their share in new vehicle sales and imports. While the latter demonstrates a remarkable market shift, the former reflects the cumulative impact over time.

Total Vehicle Fleet Overview

Nepal’s total cumulative registered vehicles reached approximately 5.53 million units by fiscal year 2023/24 and 5,526,192 by mid-March 2024. This consistent figure from multiple recent sources provides a robust baseline for understanding the overall vehicle landscape. As noted, motorcycles constitute the vast majority of vehicles, representing 83.7% of new registrations in 2023 and 81% of the total fleet. Cars, jeeps, and vans comprise a smaller segment, accounting for about 4.50% of new registrations in 2023 and 6% of the total fleet. This market composition is a critical factor, as widespread electrification will necessitate significant adoption across all vehicle types, particularly the dominant two- and three-wheeler segments.

Electric Vehicle Fleet Size and Percentage

Determining the precise current percentage of EVs in Nepal’s total registered fleet presents a challenge, as available data primarily focuses on new sales and imports rather than comprehensive, cumulative registrations for all EV types across all years. Historical data offers some perspective: The Electric Vehicle Association of Nepal (EVAN) estimated approximately 45,000 total EVs in 2018. By 2022, the Ministry of Finance reported 55,585 electric rickshaws alone were registered , underscoring the early and significant presence of three-wheelers in the EV fleet. More recently, over 75,000 EVs have been imported into the country since 2020. While this is a cumulative import figure and does not account for vehicle retirement, it strongly indicates a rapidly expanding EV fleet.

Given a total fleet of approximately 5.5 million vehicles and the cumulative imported EVs, the overall proportion of EVs in the total fleet is still relatively modest, likely in the low single digits. However, this figure is growing rapidly year-on-year. The distinction between the “fleet percentage” and the “new sales percentage” is crucial for accurate interpretation. The user’s query asks for the proportion of the total existing fleet that is electric. While a high percentage of new sales indicates a rapid market shift and foretells future fleet composition, it inherently takes a considerable amount of time for this to significantly alter the overall fleet percentage, especially in a market with millions of existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

The overall fleet percentage will, by its nature, lag behind the new sales percentage for many years as older ICE vehicles are gradually replaced. Therefore, while Nepal’s “electric leapfrog” is undeniable in terms of the speed of market transition for new vehicles, the complete transformation of the entire vehicle landscape is a longer-term endeavor. The exceptionally high new sales figures are a powerful leading indicator of the future composition of the fleet, signaling a clear direction of travel rather than a current snapshot of total penetration.

Recent EV Import and Sales Trends

Nepal has witnessed an unprecedented surge in EV imports and sales, particularly in the four-wheeler passenger vehicle segment. This trend is a testament to the effectiveness of government policies and growing consumer acceptance.

In the fiscal year 2024/25, Nepal imported over 44,000 units of electric vehicles. This comprehensive figure includes a diverse range of vehicle types, from scooters and motorcycles to three-wheelers, buses, microbuses, cars, jeeps, and vans. The total value of these imports reached Rs 43.99 billion, generating Rs 22.76 billion in revenue for the government. This substantial economic activity underscores the significant role EV adoption plays in the national economy.

The breakdown of EV imports for FY 2024/25 highlights the broad-based nature of this transition:

In terms of new sales market share, the fiscal year 2024–25 saw a remarkable 76% of all new cars sold in Nepal being electric. This figure is corroborated by other sources, indicating that “about 70% of all new passenger vehicles sold in Nepal were electric” in recent months , and “more than 70% of four-wheeled passenger vehicles imported into Nepal last year were electric”. For four-wheelers specifically, 73% of imports were EVs in a recent fiscal year. Light commercial vehicles (LCVs) also achieved a significant 50% market share from electric options. These percentages are among the highest globally, positioning Nepal as a leader in this transition.

The growth in 4-wheeler EV imports has been exponential, reflecting a dramatic acceleration in adoption :

• FY 2020/21: 249 units
• FY 2021/22: 1,800 units
• FY 2022/23: 4,050 units
• FY 2023/24: 11,701 units. One source indicates over 13,000 EVs imported between July 2023 and 2024, which aligns closely.
• First 10 months of FY 2024/25: 9,850 four-wheeler EVs imported , representing a 16% increase compared to the same period in FY 2023/24. This consistent upward trend underscores sustained demand and a clear market shift.

Nepal’s trajectory is not one of gradual EV adoption but rather a rapid “leapfrog” transition. This is evident from the astonishing jump from an insignificant fraction of EV sales just a few years ago (e.g., 236 EV units in FY 2019-20 ) to a 70-76% market share in new passenger vehicle imports in FY 2024/25. Such a swift and dramatic shift, particularly in a developing nation, points to a unique and powerful confluence of enabling factors rather than a slow, organic market evolution.

Nepal’s experience offers a compelling case study for policymakers and industry leaders worldwide, demonstrating that rapid EV adoption is achievable even in contexts often perceived as challenging for such transitions. It proves that a “leapfrog” strategy, bypassing older technologies, can be highly effective with the right policy interventions.

Policy Landscape and Government Initiatives

The Nepalese government has been the primary architect of the country’s EV boom, actively promoting their use through a comprehensive and highly incentivizing policy framework. This includes favorable fiscal and monetary policies designed to make EVs economically attractive.

Strategic Policy Framework

Historically, Nepal imposed extremely high import duties on ICE vehicles, often exceeding 300%. In a strategic and decisive move, the government drastically reduced these duties for EVs. As a result, EVs now benefit from significantly lower rates, typically ranging between 25% and 90% depending on vehicle type and battery capacity. This policy change has made electric cars in Nepal often cheaper or similarly priced compared to ICE counterparts, a rare situation globally. Beyond import duties, other incentives include exemption from road tax and a 10% tax rate on the purchase price for EVs. Preferential access to bank financing and lower annual registration fees further sweeten the deal for prospective EV buyers.

The sheer scale and speed of Nepal’s EV adoption, particularly the jump to a 70-76% market share in new passenger vehicle sales, cannot be attributed solely to organic consumer preference or infrastructure development, especially within a developing economic context. The stark and dramatic difference in import duties (300%+ for ICE vs. 25-90% for EVs) creates an overwhelming economic advantage for EVs, directly influencing purchasing decisions.

This causal link strongly indicates that aggressive government policy, specifically through fiscal incentives, is the primary and most direct driver of Nepal’s rapid EV adoption. Other factors, while important, act as enablers of a policy-driven market shift. This case demonstrates the immense and almost immediate power of well-designed policy interventions in shaping market outcomes. It provides a compelling blueprint for other nations seeking to accelerate their transition to sustainable transportation, especially those with similar economic or environmental imperatives.

Evolution of Incentives (FY 2024/25 Changes)

While the overall policy stance remains highly favorable, the fiscal year 2024/25 saw some adjustments to EV taxation, indicating a dynamic and evolving policy landscape. Customs duty for EVs with battery capacity up to 50 kW was raised from 10% to 15%, with a new 5% excise duty applied. Duties also increased for higher kW categories, for instance, for vehicles with 51-100 kW motor capacity, the customs duty is 20% and excise duty is 10%; for 101-200 kW, it is 30% customs and 20% excise; and for 201 kW+, it is 50% customs and 10% excise.

The following table details Nepal’s EV tax structure for FY 2024/25:

In a related financial policy adjustment, the Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio for electric vehicles was adjusted from a highly favorable 80% down to 60% in the mid-year review of monetary policy for 2024/25. Simultaneously, the LTV for ICE vehicles was increased from 50% to 60%. This change effectively levels the playing field for financing across vehicle types. The market reacted to these anticipated changes, with traders significantly increasing EV imports in the months preceding the budget announcement , demonstrating the market’s sensitivity to policy signals.

The initial, extremely aggressive incentives were instrumental in kickstarting EV adoption and creating market momentum. The recent adjustments, including increased duties on some EV categories and the reduction in the LTV advantage for EVs, suggest a shift in the government’s approach. This could be interpreted as the government recognizing the market’s growing maturity and seeking to generate more revenue from a now-established segment.

Alternatively, it might be an attempt to fine-tune incentives as EVs become more mainstream, ensuring fiscal sustainability. The simultaneous increase in ICE LTV to 60% suggests a broader financial policy rebalancing rather than a targeted disincentive for EVs alone. This indicates a maturing policy environment where the government is balancing the imperative of EV promotion with other fiscal objectives, such as revenue generation. Future policy adjustments will likely continue to fine-tune this balance, potentially influencing the pace and nature of future adoption as the market evolves from nascent to established.

Ambitious National Targets

Nepal has set forth exceptionally ambitious and progressive targets for EV adoption, integrated into its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement and its broader energy development roadmap. These targets underscore a strong national commitment to green mobility.

• By 2025:
  • 25% of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two- and four-wheelers) are targeted to be electric.
  • 20% of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales are targeted to be electric. (One source states 20% of public transport fleets ).
  • Achievement: Remarkably, the target for private car sales (25% by 2025) has already been significantly surpassed, with 70-76% of new cars sold being electric in FY 2024/25. This demonstrates the effectiveness of current policies in this segment.
• By 2030:
  • 90% of all private passenger vehicles (including two- and four-wheelers) are targeted to be electric.
  • 70% of all public passenger vehicles are targeted to be electric. (Note: Some sources state 60% for 4-wheeler public vehicles , while the 70% figure appears more frequently for public transport overall).
• By 2035:
  • 95% of all private passenger vehicles (including two- and four-wheelers) are targeted to be electric.
  • 90% of all public passenger vehicles are targeted to be electric.

The 15th Five Year Periodic Plan (2019/20-2023/24) also set a target of 35% share of EVs in the overall fleet by 2023/24 , indicating a focus on cumulative penetration.

Nepal’s long-term targets, particularly the 90% private vehicle electrification by 2030, are exceptionally ambitious on a global scale. While the country has demonstrated remarkable success in exceeding its short-term new sales targets for private vehicles, the overall fleet percentage is still relatively low. Furthermore, the targets for public transport, while ambitious, highlight a clear disparity in current adoption rates compared to private vehicles.

The rapid growth in private EVs does not automatically translate to public transport due to different operational models, financing structures, and vehicle types. Meeting these highly ambitious long-term targets will necessitate sustained political will, continuous and substantial investment in infrastructure, and a concerted, targeted effort to accelerate public transport electrification, which currently lags behind private adoption. These targets also imply a significant shift in national energy demand patterns and require robust grid management strategies to accommodate increased electricity consumption from vehicles.

Charging Infrastructure Development

Nepal’s EV charging infrastructure has seen significant growth, reflecting a concerted effort to support the burgeoning EV market. While precise numbers vary across sources due to rapid development and different reporting periods, the trend is unequivocally upward.

Current Network Status and Growth

As of mid-2025, the total EV charging network has reached approximately 750 stations, including those installed by private companies, automakers, and local governments. An additional 238+ stations are reported to be under construction , indicating continued expansion. The Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) has emerged as a pivotal force in this development, operating 62 EV charging stations across the country as of mid-2025. Earlier data indicated 350 charging stations as of February 2024 and over 400 operational stations.

The network includes both Slow AC Chargers, which typically require 8-12 hours for a complete charge and are suitable for overnight charging , and Fast DC Chargers, capable of providing an 80% charge within 30-60 minutes, which are critical for inter-city travel. NEA stations offer up to 120kW max capacity. The number of public charging stations is expected to double within a year from the previously reported 400. Future plans (2025–2030) include the addition of 500+ NEA charging stations and the exploration of ultra-fast 150kW+ chargers in major corridors , signaling a commitment to a robust national network.

NEA’s stations are strategically located along key highways (e.g., East-West Highway, Kathmandu Valley, other key cities like Pokhara, Dhangadhi, Lahan, and Birtamode), specifically designed to support inter-city travel and reduce “range anxiety” for EV drivers.

Charging Costs and Tariffs

NEA’s public charging stations utilize a time-of-day pricing structure, making charging highly economical, especially during off-peak hours :

• Off-peak (10 PM – 5 AM): NPR 6/kWh
• Daytime (5 AM – 5 PM): NPR 9/kWh
• Peak (5 PM – 10 PM): NPR 11/kWh

These competitive rates make EV charging significantly more economical than petrol or diesel refueling. For instance, charging an electric bus costs approximately one-thirtieth of fueling an equivalent diesel bus, resulting in substantial operational savings.

The rapid increase in the number of charging stations, from a mere 25 in 2022 to 750 by mid-2025, is an impressive feat and clearly serves as a critical enabler for the surge in EV adoption. This expansion directly addresses one of the primary barriers to EV ownership: range anxiety. However, despite this remarkable growth, the infrastructure is still described as “sparse in rural areas” and facing a “critical shortage… along major highways”. This indicates that the demand generated by soaring EV sales is outstripping the current supply of charging points, particularly for long-distance travel and equitable access across the entire country.

The rapid pace of EV adoption creates a dynamic challenge for infrastructure development to keep pace. To sustain the current growth trajectory and ensure widespread, equitable adoption, continued and even more aggressive investment in charging infrastructure is paramount. This investment must strategically target underserved areas and critical transport corridors. The government’s focus on time-of-day pricing is a sophisticated approach to managing grid load and encouraging off-peak charging, demonstrating a forward-thinking approach to energy management in conjunction with EV adoption.

Drivers of Nepal’s Rapid EV Adoption

Nepal’s swift transition to electric vehicles is propelled by a confluence of economic, environmental, and strategic factors, underpinned by its unique energy profile.

Economic Imperatives

Nepal’s traditional transportation system is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels, which has consistently contributed to a substantial trade deficit. The nation spends over $1.5 billion annually on petroleum imports , a figure that constituted over 17% of total commodity imports in 2019/20 and surged to NPR 292.77 billion in FY 2021/22. Adopting EVs helps replace this costly petroleum use with domestically generated electricity, significantly reducing the financial burden on the national economy and improving the trade balance.

Beyond national economic benefits, EV owners experience direct and notable cost savings. Electricity is generally more affordable than traditional fuels in Nepal, leading to lower “fuel” expenses. Furthermore, EVs typically have fewer moving parts and simpler powertrains, resulting in reduced maintenance costs. For instance, the operational cost of charging an electric bus is approximately one-thirtieth of fueling an equivalent diesel bus, leading to substantial and immediate savings for public transit providers.

Environmental Benefits

The shift towards EVs directly contributes to cleaner air and helps combat climate change by significantly lowering greenhouse gas emissions. This is particularly crucial for densely populated urban areas like Kathmandu Valley, which faces severe air quality issues, ranking among the highest globally for PM2.5 exposure. The adoption of EVs aligns with Nepal’s national pledge to achieve net-zero emissions by 2045 , demonstrating a commitment to global climate goals.

Abundant Hydropower Potential

Nepal’s rich hydropower resources are a fundamental enabler and a unique advantage in its EV transition, offering a cleaner and more sustainable energy supply for EVs. As of November 2021, national generation capacity reached 1910 MW, with an impressive 7,948 MW licensed for construction. The country has ambitious plans to further increase power generation capacity to 28,000 MW by 2035. This domestic, renewable energy source not only minimizes the environmental footprint of EVs but also enhances national energy security by reducing the need to import electricity. Moreover, EVs can strategically utilize off-peak electricity demand, helping to balance the grid and absorb otherwise surplus power, particularly during the monsoon season.

Nepal’s unique energy profile, characterized by abundant hydropower resources (often leading to surplus generation during the monsoon season) and a peak electricity demand that is relatively low compared to its generation potential, creates a perfect synergy with EV adoption. EVs represent a flexible and growing load that can absorb this excess generation, especially during off-peak hours. This not only makes EVs inherently cleaner by running on renewable energy but also makes them economically more viable by utilizing otherwise wasted energy.

This creates a virtuous cycle where increased hydropower capacity supports EV growth, and EV adoption helps optimize the utilization of hydropower. This positions Nepal as a distinctive case where the energy sector directly and profoundly enables the transport sector’s green transition. It offers a powerful model for countries with similar renewable energy endowments, demonstrating how national energy strategies can be deeply integrated with sustainable transportation goals to achieve both environmental and economic benefits.

Affordable EV Models

The availability of competitively priced EV models has been a crucial factor in driving widespread adoption across various consumer segments. Chinese automakers, such as BYD, Great Wall, and Neta, dominate the Nepali EV market due to their competitive pricing and appealing technology packages. This is evident in import statistics: over 74.5% of electric vehicles imported in the first 10 months of FY 2024/25 came from China , a figure that rose to 76% in the first 11 months of the same fiscal year.

The overwhelming dominance of Chinese EVs in the Nepali market is not merely a market trend; it is a critical enabler of Nepal’s rapid adoption. Without the availability of affordable EV options, even with significantly reduced import duties, the high initial purchase cost might still render EVs prohibitively expensive for many consumers in a developing economy. Chinese manufacturers’ aggressive expansion into emerging markets, coupled with their competitive pricing and advanced battery technology , directly facilitates Nepal’s “leapfrog” strategy by providing accessible choices.

Nepal’s remarkable EV success is, to a significant extent, contingent on global EV market dynamics, particularly the continued supply of affordable models. This reliance on a single dominant source raises long-term considerations regarding supply chain resilience, potential dependencies, and the need for market diversification to ensure sustained growth and competitive pricing.

Challenges and Roadblocks to Widespread Adoption

Despite the impressive strides in EV adoption, Nepal faces several significant challenges that could impede widespread and equitable transition.

Initial Cost and Financing

Despite the significant tax rebates and incentives offered by the government, the initial purchase price of EVs can still present a substantial barrier for many consumers in Nepal. While the Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio for EVs was initially highly favorable (80% compared to 50-70% for ICE vehicles), it was adjusted downwards to 60% in the mid-year review of monetary policy for FY 2024/25, effectively aligning it with ICE vehicles. This slight reduction in the financing advantage could potentially impact the affordability and accessibility of EVs for some buyers.

Infrastructure Gaps

While the charging infrastructure is expanding rapidly, it remains inadequate in certain critical areas. There is a recognized shortage, particularly along major highways, which limits long-distance travel capabilities for EV owners and contributes to “range anxiety”. Furthermore, charging facilities are still sparse in rural and mountainous regions, posing a significant challenge for equitable adoption across the country.

Technical Expertise and Public Awareness

The rapid influx of new EV technologies necessitates a corresponding growth in technical expertise. There is a recognized need for skill development in EV maintenance and repair, as well as in battery technology. Additionally, broader public awareness campaigns are crucial to address lingering skepticism and unfamiliarity with EVs, especially in rural areas where perceptions about EV capabilities may be limited.

Battery Management

As the EV fleet grows, concerns are emerging regarding battery degradation and, more critically, the absence of robust recycling or disposal systems for lithium-ion batteries in Nepal. This poses both environmental and logistical challenges for the long-term sustainability of the EV transition.

While Nepal is demonstrating exceptional success in adopting EVs, a truly sustainable transition requires a holistic approach that extends beyond initial purchase and use. The issue of battery degradation and the lack of established recycling or disposal systems highlight a critical missing link in the EV ecosystem. Without a comprehensive strategy for managing the end-of-life of EV batteries, the long-term environmental benefits of electrification could be partially offset by future waste management challenges. This is a common hurdle for all rapidly electrifying nations, but it is particularly pertinent for developing countries that may lack the immediate resources or regulatory frameworks for such complex waste streams. Nepal needs to proactively develop policies, infrastructure, and potentially foster new industries for battery end-of-life management (e.g., recycling, second-life applications) to ensure a truly circular and sustainable EV ecosystem. Addressing this challenge presents not only an environmental imperative but also an opportunity for economic development and job creation in the emerging green economy.

Public Transport Electrification Lag

Despite ambitious government targets for public transport electrification (e.g., 70% by 2030 ), the adoption of electric buses and trucks has not scaled as rapidly as private passenger vehicles. Currently, only a small number of electric buses operate in Kathmandu, primarily through the Sajha Yatayat cooperative, which runs around 40 EV buses. Experts suggest Nepal needs at least 800 electric buses to significantly impact pollution and congestion in major cities. Limited subsidies and high upfront costs remain barriers in this segment. Scaling public EVs, especially in mass transit, is essential for ensuring Nepal’s EV shift is both inclusive and equitable.

Nepal’s journey towards electric mobility represents a compelling and globally significant case study of rapid transition in a developing nation. While the overall percentage of electric vehicles in Nepal’s total registered fleet of over 5.5 million vehicles remains relatively low, the country has achieved an extraordinary rate of adoption in new vehicle sales, with EVs constituting 70-76% of new passenger vehicle imports in FY 2024/25. This “electric leapfrog” is a direct consequence of strategic government policies, particularly substantial reductions in import duties for EVs compared to conventional vehicles, creating a powerful economic incentive for consumers and importers.

The success is further amplified by Nepal’s abundant hydropower resources, which provide a clean, domestic energy source for EVs, reducing reliance on costly fossil fuel imports and contributing to national energy security. The availability of affordable EV models, predominantly from Chinese manufacturers, has also played a crucial role in making electric mobility accessible to a broader segment of the population.

However, the path to full electrification is not without obstacles. Key challenges include the initial purchase cost of EVs despite incentives, the need for a more expansive and robust charging infrastructure, particularly in rural and highway areas, and the imperative to develop local technical expertise for EV maintenance and battery management. The long-term environmental sustainability of the EV transition also hinges on establishing effective battery recycling and disposal systems. Furthermore, while private EV adoption has surged, the electrification of public transport lags, requiring targeted interventions to meet ambitious national goals.

Nepal’s experience demonstrates that with strong political will, strategic policy interventions, and leveraging unique national resources, even developing countries can rapidly accelerate their transition to sustainable transportation.

The country’s dynamic policy environment, which balances promotion with fiscal realities, and its ambitious long-term targets, position it to potentially become one of the world’s first nations to largely electrify its vehicle fleet by the 2030s. Continued focus on infrastructure development, skill building, and equitable access across all transport segments will be crucial for realizing this vision and establishing Nepal as a global leader in green mobility.